Staff reviewed
CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND BIPOLAR DISORDER IN SPAIN: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF 182 JUDICIAL SENTENCES (2019-2024).
— STAFF
It supplies an empirical base rate for how Spanish courts actually treat bipolar disorder in imputability determinations — full exoneration is rare (3.3%) and therapeutic disposal rarer still (6.59%) — which is useful context for anyone evaluating or testifying in that jurisdiction, and a corrective to the assumption that a manic-episode defence commonly succeeds. It changes no obligation and undermines no instrument or method a practitioner relies on, so it is contextual rather than practice-altering, and its single-jurisdiction descriptive design limits transfer elsewhere.